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Ôn lại 3 cấu trúc ngữ pháp nâng cao: Passive Voice, Reported Speech, và Relative Clauses 🧠
📊 Phần 1: Passive Voice (Câu Bị Động)
Công thức chung
S + be + V3/ed (+ by + tác nhân)
Chuyển đổi theo thì
| Thì | Active | Passive |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | She writes a letter. | A letter is written (by her). |
| Present Continuous | She is writing a letter. | A letter is being written. |
| Past Simple | She wrote a letter. | A letter was written. |
| Past Continuous | She was writing a letter. | A letter was being written. |
| Future Simple | She will write a letter. | A letter will be written. |
| Present Perfect | She has written a letter. | A letter has been written. |
Khi nào dùng?
- Khi không biết ai thực hiện hành động: The window was broken.
- Khi muốn nhấn mạnh đối tượng chịu tác động: English is spoken worldwide.
- Trong văn viết trang trọng, báo cáo, tin tức
📊 Phần 2: Reported Speech (Câu Tường Thuật)
Quy tắc lùi thì
| Direct Speech | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| Present Simple → | Past Simple |
| Present Continuous → | Past Continuous |
| Past Simple → | Past Perfect |
| will → | would |
| can → | could |
| may → | might |
Đổi đại từ & trạng từ
| Direct | Reported |
|---|---|
| I / we | he / she / they |
| today | that day |
| tomorrow | the next day |
| yesterday | the day before |
| here | there |
| now | then |
| this | that |
Ví dụ
Direct: “I am happy,” she said.
Reported: She said (that) she was happy.
Direct: “I will call you tomorrow,” he said.
Reported: He said (that) he would call me the next day.
📊 Phần 3: Relative Clauses (Mệnh Đề Quan Hệ)
Đại từ quan hệ
| Từ | Thay cho | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| who | người (chủ ngữ) | The man who lives next door is friendly. |
| whom | người (tân ngữ) | The woman whom I met was kind. |
| which | vật | The book which I bought is interesting. |
| that | người/vật | The car that he drives is new. |
| where | nơi chốn | The restaurant where we ate was great. |
| when | thời gian | I remember the day when we first met. |
| whose | sở hữu | The girl whose bag was stolen cried. |
Defining vs Non-defining
| Loại | Đặc điểm | Ví dụ |
|---|---|---|
| Defining | Cần thiết, không có dấu phẩy | The man who called is my brother. |
| Non-defining | Thêm thông tin, có dấu phẩy | My brother, who lives in London, called me. |
✏️ 15 Bài Tập Tổng Hợp
A. Passive Voice — Chuyển sang câu bị động (1-5):
1. They build new houses every year. → New houses ______________________.
2. Someone stole my bicycle yesterday. → My bicycle ______________________.
3. The teacher is explaining the lesson. → The lesson ______________________.
4. They will open a new school next year. → A new school ______________________.
5. She has written three books. → Three books ______________________.
B. Reported Speech — Chuyển sang câu tường thuật (6-10):
6. “I am tired,” she said. → She said ______________________.
7. “We will visit you tomorrow,” they said. → They said ______________________.
8. “I can’t find my keys,” he said. → He said ______________________.
9. “I bought a new car yesterday,” she told me. → She told me ______________________.
10. “Do you like coffee?” he asked me. → He asked me ______________________.
C. Relative Clauses — Điền who/which/where/whose/when (11-15):
11. The woman ______ lives next door is a teacher.
12. This is the book ______ I told you about.
13. That’s the restaurant ______ we had dinner last week.
14. The boy ______ father is a doctor won the prize.
15. I remember the summer ______ we went to the beach every day.
✅ Đáp Án
Passive Voice:
| # | Đáp án |
|---|---|
| 1 | New houses are built every year. |
| 2 | My bicycle was stolen yesterday. |
| 3 | The lesson is being explained by the teacher. |
| 4 | A new school will be opened next year. |
| 5 | Three books have been written (by her). |
Reported Speech:
| # | Đáp án |
|---|---|
| 6 | She said (that) she was tired. |
| 7 | They said (that) they would visit me/us the next day. |
| 8 | He said (that) he couldn’t find his keys. |
| 9 | She told me (that) she had bought a new car the day before. |
| 10 | He asked me if/whether I liked coffee. |
Relative Clauses:
| # | Đáp án |
|---|---|
| 11 | who |
| 12 | which / that |
| 13 | where |
| 14 | whose |
| 15 | when |
💡 Mẹo ôn tập
- Passive: Tìm tân ngữ trong câu chủ động → đưa lên đầu câu bị động
- Reported Speech: Nhớ quy tắc “lùi 1 thì” + đổi đại từ
- Relative Clauses: Xác định từ được bổ nghĩa là người/vật/nơi/thời gian → chọn đại từ phù hợp
🎯 Tự đánh giá: 12-15 đúng → Giỏi lắm! 9-11 → Khá, cần ôn phần yếu nhất. Dưới 9 → Đừng lo, quay lại bài gốc rồi thử lại! 💪